What Do You Call The Hair And Makeup Industry?

Study and application of beauty treatment

Cosmetology (from Greek κοσμητικός , kosmētikos, "beautifying";^[i] and -λογία , -logia) is the study and application of beauty handling. Branches of specialty include hairstyling, skin care, cosmetics, manicures/pedicures, not-permanent hair removal such as waxing and sugaring, and permanent hair removal processes such as electrology and intense pulsed light (IPL).

Austrian cosmetologist and entrepreneur Elisabeth Sigmund with a customer, 1957

Cosmetology specialties [edit]

Cosmetologist [edit]

Cosmetologists are trained and licensed to perform corrective treatments to the hair, skin, and nails.^[two] This can exist expanded into multiple parts including cutting and chemically treating hair, chemical hair removal, style trends, wigs, nails and skin intendance, pare and hair analysis; relaxation techniques including head, cervix, scalp, paw and feet basic massage and aroma therapies; plus ability to expertly apply makeup applications to cover up night spots or promote and can expand into further specialties such equally reflexology; theatrical applications; cosmetics and others as listed below.

Hair color specialist [edit]

A hair color specialist, or pilus colorist, specializes in the modification of natural hair color utilizing various awarding methods while using a colorant production from a professional visitor. In the US, some colorists are qualified through the American Board of Certified Hair Colorists. This designation is used to recognize colorists that accept a greater level of competency in the industry through a written examination and a practical exam. A hair color specialist'due south duties might include, just are non express to, basic color applications, similar covering grey, and lightening or darkening natural hair color. A color specialist is besides able to perform cosmetic color applications and create special effects using foiling techniques or any other advanced color application methods.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Shampoo technician [edit]

A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client'southward hair in preparation for the pilus stylist. This is mostly an apprentice position and a beginning step for many only out of cosmetology school.^{[ citation needed ]}

Aesthetician [edit]

Aestheticians are licensed professionals who are experts in maintaining and improving skin.^[3] An aesthetician'south general telescopic of practice is limited to the epidermis (the outer layer of pare).^[4] Aestheticians work in many different environments such equally salons, medi-spas, twenty-four hour period spas, skin care clinics, and individual practices. Aestheticians may also specialize in treatments such as microdermabrasion, microcurrent (also known as non-surgical "face lifts"), cosmetic electrotherapy treatments (galvanic current, high frequency), LED (light-emitting diode) treatments, ultrasound/ultrasonic (depression level), and mechanical massage (vacuum and G8 muscle vibrating).^{[v] [6]}

An aesthetician may undergo special preparation for treatments such as laser hair removal, permanent makeup application, light chemical peels, eyelash extensions, microblading, and electrology. In the US, aestheticians must be licensed in the state in which they are working and are governed by the cosmetology lath requirements of that state. Aestheticians must complete a minimum 260–1500 hours of training and laissez passer both a written and hands-on examination in order to be licensed in a given state.^[7] Utah, Virginia and Washington are the only states at this time to adopt the Principal Esthetician License.^[8] Additional post graduate training is sometimes required when specializing in areas such as medical esthetics (working in a doctor's office). Aestheticians work under a dermatologist'south supervision just when employed by the dermatologist's practice. Aestheticians care for a wide multifariousness of pare problems that are cosmetic in nature, such as mild acne, hyperpigmentation, and crumbling peel; therefore, clients with skin affliction and disorders are referred to a dermatologist or other medical professional person. Aestheticians are besides referred to equally beauticians within North America.^[9]

Occupational hazards [edit]

Many chemicals in salon products pose potential health risks. Examples of hazardous chemicals found in mutual treatments (e.1000. hair coloring, straightening, perms, relaxers, keratin treatments, Brazilian Blowouts, and boom treatments) include dibutyl phthalate, formaldehyde, lye (sodium hydroxide), ammonia, and coal tar. Allergies and dermatitis have forced approximately 20% of hairdressers to end practicing their profession.^[10]

In the beauty and cosmetology industries, some of the products used in hair dyes and nail applications contain chemicals that have been shown to have adverse health furnishings for cosmetologists.^[11] A chemical combination known as the toxic trio is ofttimes role of the ingredient list in nail polish, hair dyes, and nail polish removers. The toxic trio consists of formaldehyde, toluene and dibutyl phthalate (DBP).^[12] DBP is commonly plant in nail polish and is used as a binder to increment the corporeality of fourth dimension that the polish stays on the nail. Toluene is an industrial solvent and is commonly in nail polish removers.^[13] Formaldehyde can be constitute in a diverseness of beauty products just is generally found in hair straightening products and hair dyes as well as in some nail polishes. Each chemical member of the toxic trio has independently been institute to have adverse reproductive effects in humans, so there concern that the presence of all three chemicals in cosmetologist supplies could pose a detrimental wellness gamble for cosmetologists.^{[ citation needed ]}

Demographics of the cosmetology industry [edit]

As a profession, cosmetology is predominantly female, near of whom are of reproductive historic period.^[fourteen] There are more than than one million women registered and licensed every bit cosmetologists in the United States and roughly several million more than work as hair stylists.^[fifteen] Among cosmetologists, hairdressers and nail technicians brand upward a large part of the working population. Many cosmetologists begin their careers before reproductive historic period and before family planning, which may put them at college risk for reproductive health effects from exposure to workplace cosmetology chemicals.^[16]

In the United States the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for public condom regarding corrective products and the Nutrient, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulates these products.^[17] The Corrective Ingredient Review (CIR) utilizes an "Skilful Panel" to review available information on cosmetic ingredients and make up one's mind whether or not chemic ingredients in cosmetic products are prophylactic to use considering how they are currently utilized.^[18] However, this protocol is just helpful if applied to all cosmetology workplaces in the United States.

An investigation carried out past the Environmental Working Group revealed only xi% of more than than ten,000 corrective ingredients documented by the FDA were evaluated in a CIR review.^[19] Inquiry studies have shown that although "toxicological considerations play an increasingly pregnant office in product conception; reproductive risks are non typically taken into account.^[twenty] Information technology is also known that, "more than nine,000 chemicals are found in cosmetic products".^[fourteen] Hairdressers use a broad range of products containing chemicals. "Pilus dyes stand for the largest segment of chemical products in the pilus market today. Equally such, they are the principal source of chemical exposure among hairdressers".^[21]

Chemical exposures [edit]

Toluene [edit]

Toluene is a articulate, h2o insoluble liquid with a distinct and pungent olfactory property,^[22] similar to paint thinners. Toluene is found in corrective products such every bit nail smooth, nail glue, and hair dyes^[23] and is widely used as an industrial solvent and is used to make fingernail polishes, lacquers, adhesives, rubber, and pigment thinners. It is used in the production of benzene, gasoline, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane.^[22] Toluene tin be plant on cosmetic labels under the names, benzene, toluol, phenylmethane, and methylbenzene.

Toluene enters the environment when materials similar fingernail polish, paints, pigment thinners, and adhesives are used. Information technology chop-chop mixes with the air and individuals who work with paint, lacquer, or dyes take greater exposures to toluene via dermal and respiratory routes.^[22] Toluene inhalation during pregnancy has led to neonatal effects, including intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery, built malformations, and postnatal developmental retardation.^[24]

Dibutyl phthalate [edit]

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a manufactured chemic used as a plasticizer. It is used to brand plastics more flexible and can be constitute in paints, glue, insect repellents, pilus spray, blast polish, and rocket fuel.^[25] Due to its flexibility and film forming backdrop, information technology is an ideal ingredient in cosmetics and cosmetology products. DBP is mainly used in boom products as a solvent for dyes and every bit a plasticizer that prevents nail polishes from condign brittle, but is also used in hair sprays, to assist avoid stiffness past allowing them to form a flexible movie on the hair.^[26]

Dibutyl phthalate has been linked to reproductive bug in humans if the mother is exposed while meaning and has been banned for use past the European Wedlock^[16] and sure phthalate esters have been shown to crusade reproductive toxicity in creature models.^[27]

Formaldehyde [edit]

Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong smelling liquid that is highly volatile, making exposure to both workers and clients potentially unhealthy. Both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Assistants (OSHA) allocate formaldehyde equally a human being carcinogen. Formaldehyde has been linked to nasal and lung cancer, with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia.^[28]

Growing evidence reveals that various popular hair-smoothing treatments contain formaldehyde and release formaldehyde every bit a gas. Formaldehyde is a common ingredient in Brazilian blowouts, Cadiveu, and Keratin Consummate Smoothing Therapies. Four laboratories in California, Oregon, and Canada, confirmed a popular hair straightening treatment, the Brazilian Blowout, contained between 4% and 12% formaldehyde. Oregon OSHA demonstrated that other keratin-based pilus smoothing products also incorporate formaldehyde, with concentrations from i% to 7%.^[29]

Formaldehyde may be present in hair smoothing solutions or as a vapor in the air. Stylists and clients may inhale formaldehyde every bit a gas or a vapor into the lungs and respiratory tract. Formaldehyde vapor can likewise make contact with mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or throat. Formaldehyde solutions may be absorbed through the skin during the application process of liquid hair straighteners. Solutions of formaldehyde tin can release formaldehyde gas at room temperature and heating such solutions can speed up this process. Exposure oft occurs when heat is applied to the treatment, via blow drying and flat ironing.^{[29] [thirty]}

Stylists and clients have reported acute health problems while using or after using certain pilus smoothing treatments containing formaldehyde. Reported problems include nose-bleeds, burning eyes and throat, pare irritation and asthma attacks. Other symptoms related to formaldehyde exposure include watery eyes; runny nose; burning awareness or irritation in the eyes, nose, and pharynx; dry out and sore throat; respiratory tract irritation; cough; chest pain; shortness of breath; wheezing; loss of sense of smell; headaches; and fatigue.^[31]

Reproductive wellness and birth defects of the toxic trio [edit]

The presence of Formaldehyde, phthalates, and toluene (the toxic trio) in the work environment play a office in the hazard of reproductive wellness effects for cosmetologists. Studies shows that in that location is a significant increase in premature birth and an increased gamble of pregnancy disorders when hairdressers were compared to a referent group of teachers and salesclerks where the only occupational difference were exposure to the toxic trio.^[32] Hairdressers and cosmetologists have a slightly increased risk of having an infant with small gestational historic period. Reproductive disorders in relation to depression nativity weight were examined and constitute an increased chance of having baby with low birth weight; three of these studies showed a significant increase.^[33]

Case studies on toluene exposures accept found increased incidences of urogenital, gastrointestinal, and cardiac anomalies amid children of mothers who were exposed to organic solvents, such as toluene.^[24] Associations were institute between pregnant women who inhaled Formaldehyd, phthalates, and toluene and adverse reproductive outcomes such every bit intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery.^[24] Hairdressers report premature ovarian failure five times more than frequently than women in non-cosmetologist occupations.^[33]

Regulation of cosmetics in the U.S. [edit]

In the United states of america, the Federal Nutrient, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) defines cosmetics every bit "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human being body…for cleansing, beautifying promoting attractiveness, or altering appearance".^[34] Products such as nail polish, pilus coloring, straightening formulas, and shampoos fall nether this definition of cosmetics. In the U.S., the FDA does not mandate premarket approving for cosmetic ingredients or products, with the exception of color. Additionally, the FDA is not legally responsible for corrective product or ingredient safety and does not have the authority to require manufactures to submit their rubber data to the FDA.^[35] Instead, the corrective manufacturer is legally responsible for correctly labeling and producing their products with safe ingredients. U.S. cosmetic companies are likewise not required to register their production or ingredients with the FDA equally registration is purely voluntary. The FDA cannot legally guild a recall of cosmetic products in the U.Due south. fifty-fifty if they have been shown to have poor health outcomes. A product recall relies on the corrective manufacturer and is therefore completely voluntary.^[35]

In dissimilarity, the Eu requires cosmetic products to undergo premarket safety testing and requires mandatory cosmetology product and ingredient registration.^[36] In general, the European Union approaches cosmetics and their production nether the precautionary principle. The European union has banned 1,328 chemicals from utilise in cosmetics and does not allow animal testing for cosmetics.^[37]

OSHA requirements regarding formaldehyde [edit]

OSHA requires manufacturers, importers, and distributors to identify formaldehyde on any product that contains more than 0.i% formaldehyde (as a gas or in a solution), or if the product can release formaldehyde at concentrations greater than 0.1 parts per million (ppm). Safety data sheets (SDS) must as well back-trail the production and kept on bounds with the product at all times. The SDS must explain why a chemic in the product is hazardous, how information technology is harmful, how workers can protect themselves, and what they should do in an emergency.^[38]

Salon owners and stylists are advised to look closely at the hair smoothing products they use (read product labels and SDS sheets) to see if they comprise methylene glycol, formalin, methylene oxide, paraform, formic aldehyde, methanal, oxomethane, oxymethylene, or CAS Number l-00-0. According to OSHA'due south Formaldehyde standard, a product containing whatsoever of these names should be treated as a production containing formaldehyde. OSHA'due south Hazard Communication standard (Correct to Know) states that salon owners and other employers' must have a SDS for products containing hazardous chemicals. If salon owners or other employers decide to apply products that contain or release formaldehyde they are required to follow the guidelines in OSHA'due south Formaldehyde standard.^[38]

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), is responsible for inspections of worker health and condom. It is estimated 375,000 nail technicians work in nail salons in the Us. Yet in 2005, OSHA inspected only 18 nail salons because businesses are exempt from inspection if they have x employees or less.^[xix] According to the Asian American Resources Workshop, Vietnamese nail salon workers concord twoscore% of nail technician licenses in the The states.^[39] "It'southward long hours, low hourly pay, and trigger-happy competition from every corner of the block" and with such fierce competition between businesses, salaries are reduced fifty-fifty farther.^[39] As a consequence, a majority of these immigrants are bailiwick to low socioeconomic condition; which subsequently reduces opportunity to be educated about the occupational chemicals they are exposed to in the workplace and reduces opportunity to seek wellness care if adverse health effects are experienced from chemic exposure.^{[ citation needed ]}

Cosmetology careers [edit]

In the United States, whether planning to written report cosmetology or specialize in a specific area, each land has dissimilar requirements that must be fulfilled before obtaining a license.

For example, the State of Illinois Department of Financial and Professional person Regulations requires each candidate to complete their hours through a licensed cosmetology school plan where new skills are taught and learned such every bit hair coloring, styling, hair cut and the usage of hazardous chemicals. Afterwards completing the minimum hours to obtain a state license, an online examination is required and is submitted via post with other supported documentation.^[40] Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the median bacon for a licensed cosmetologist is $28,770 every bit of May 2015.^[41] Illinois Metropolitan Division Areas, Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights has 1 of the highest employment rates with an annual rate of $27,750.^[41] Beingness a licensed cosmetologist opens the door to condign self-employed and working at loftier-stop salons. As a licensed cosmetologist, each has the option to cull which salon fits best to work in only a cocky-employed salon will bring more than income as long as having the right business organisation programme for it to succeed. Each candidate registering for a salon has to obtain a certificate of registration and present all required paperwork with the FEIN, Federal employer identification number to Illinois Department of Labor.^[40]

Still, according to The New York Times, cosmetology schools are expensive and train students for low-paid jobs that practise not allow students to pay back the debt. Iowa has the strictest requirements for a cosmetology degree: 2,100 hours of instruction. The Times interviewed over 20 onetime students. I typical educatee paid $21,000 for tuition and supplies at the Iowa School of Dazzler. Later getting her license in 2005, she was hired at a local Great Clips, at $9 an hr. Thirteen years after graduating, she owes more than than $8,000 on her loans. In contrast, an Iowa emergency medical technician certification at a community higher requires only 132 hours, according to the Times. Iowa is particularly expensive, but for-profit dazzler schools across the U.Due south. charge an average of $17,000 for a cosmetology document.^[42]

Community colleges would be cheaper, simply when Iowa Primal Community College applied to the state cosmetology board in 2004 to start a programme, the Iowa Cosmetology School Clan and La' James International College sued, arguing that the country code prohibits public entities from competing with private entities. The community college agreed not to give certificate programs. According to The Times, the cosmetology schools accept prevented efforts to lower the number of hours required for a document.^[42]

In the Britain, Typically there are two routes to training in cosmetology. An NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) is a backbone qualification designed for those starting out in the industry. Short courses are bolt-on courses that specialise into farther fields of cosmetology. Both of these options allow a qualified beautician to proceeds public liability insurance encompass. ^[43]

Similarly, in India, there are many beauty and health training academies that provide a foundation and advanced courses in cosmetology. On graduating, students in India tin work as professional person cosmetologists in cosmetology schools, spas and health centres, beauty parlours, peel clinics, cosmetic companies, film and manner manufacture, or as independent cosmetologists.

Notable cosmetologists [edit]

• Kevyn Aucoin
• Lino Carbosiero
• Tabatha Coffey
• Ellis Faas
• Ruth Johns Ferguson
• John Frieda
• Marjorie Joyner
• Estée Lauder
• Annie Malone
• Anthony Mascolo
• Paul Mitchell
• Brad Mondo
• Karen Paba
• Leo Passage
• Lydia Sarfati
• Vidal Sassoon
• Lee Stafford
• Christine Valmy
• Madam C. J. Walker
• Florence E. Wall
• Tammy Wynette
• Jonathan Van Ness

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

• Historical works on cosmetology digitized by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetology

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